Psychology And Religion West And East - 957 Words

While preforming a psychoanalysis of religion and human development, Sigmund Freud questioned whether or not a person could be religious and mature at the same time. In Future of an Illusion, Freud came to a conclusion that one cannot be religious and mature at the same time. Religion stunts a person’s transition of becoming a mature adult. Whereas in Carl Jung’s Psychology and Religion: West and East, he believed that a person can be religious and mature at the simultaneously. Opposing, to Freud’s belief, Jung believes that religion can assist a person mature. I believe Jung makes more of a compelling argument of maturity and religion. While Freud believes that religion traps a person in a pre-adult stage, I believe that religion matures a person through the presence of archetypes. In Freud’s perspective, he believed that the unconscious human mind desired a fulfillment for knowledge. For instance, people were curious about where they went after they have passed. The people wanted to know where their soul would reside after death. The source to fulfill this desire was in religion. Religion provided people with answers for their questions. They were told that after death there would be some sort afterlife. The souls of these people would find rest in heaven. Freud believed that this idea of religion and its knowledge distracted people from facing reality. People could not come to face death without knowing of what would happen to their soul after death. Additionally, theseShow MoreRelated Comparing Symbols and Symbolism in Blue Hotel, Black Cat, Night, Alfred Prufrock, Red Wheelbarrow1620 Words   |  7 Pages Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot, and The Red Wheelbarrow by William Carlos Williams encompass examples of color symbolism from both the prose and the poetry of literature. When drawing from various modes of psychology, interpretations of various colors, with emphasis to dream psychology, an analysis of the colors themselves and then their applications to literature can be readily addressed.    Colour is one of the areas in daily life in which symbolism is most readily apparent. (FontanaRead MoreBuddhism : The Philosophy And Religion1426 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism originated 2,500 years ago in India and today – is the prevailing world religion in the East. There are more than 360 million followers of Buddhism, including one million American followers. Buddhism has branched into a diverse selection of forms throughout its long history, however, all methods of Buddhism share an admiration for the teachings of Buddha with the ultimate focus on ending suffering (Religionfacts.com, 2015). In the 6th century BC, Siddhartha or Gautama Buddha was born inRead MoreBeruit to Jerusalem by Thomas Friedman Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesFriedman The ongoing problems of the Middle East are complex and difficult to understand. In Beirut to Jerusalem Thomas Friedman uses the different tools to assess the state of affairs in the Middle East. Friedman uses the social sciences to analysis the situation that he observed when he was in Beirut writing for The New York Times. Being that Friedman is Jewish I rode off the book as a one-sided view of the happenings in the Middle East. What I found was quite the opposite; Friedman tookRead MoreMeasuring Intelligence Through Objective, Culturally Unbiased Testing1236 Words   |  5 PagesMaria Orrego PSYC 2001: Cross-Cultural Psychology 13 March 2016 Measuring Intelligence Through Objective, Culturally Unbiased Testing â€Å"It takes something more than intelligence to act intelligently.† ― Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment One might dare to define intelligence as the ability to obtain and apply knowledge and skills, or as the capacity to learn, comprehend, or deal with new or difficult situation in order to adapt to or modify our environment or to process abstract thoughts. HoweverRead MoreParis1378 Words   |  6 Pagesor  pleasant  emotions ranging from contentment  to intense joy. A variety of  biological,  psychological and  religious and  philosophical  approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including  positive psychology, endeavor to apply the  scientific method  to answer questions about what happiness is, and how it might be attained. Its of such fundamental importance to the human condition that  Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness  were deemed unalienableRead MoreFlowers For Algernon By Daniel Keys1657 Words   |  7 Pagesusing his technique all over the world. Dr. Nemur wanted to publish the results o f the experiment at the end of this month. Dr. Strauss wanted to wait a while longer to be sure. Dr. Strauss said that Dr. Nemur was more interested in the Chair of Psychology at Princeton than he was in the experiment. Dr. Nemur said that Dr. Strauss was nothing but an opportunist who was trying to ride to glory on his coattails† (295). This argument between the two doctors proves that Dr. Nemur especially was only investedRead More Terrorism in the 21st Century Essay3451 Words   |  14 Pagesattacked the United States on September 11, 2001 is critical (International Affairs). However, it is not the Islamic agendas that engender these radicals; it is something deeper within the economic and political dilemmas within the region of the Middle East. These economic and political dilemmas create an environment that is suitable for the growth and creation of terrorists: desperation. Desperation engenders the demand side of terrorism if we view these violent acts from an economic viewpoint. ThisRead MoreBuddhism And The Buddhist Liberation Movement1107 Words   |  5 Pagesmaterial wellbeing and happiness rather than courses in science as taught in the Abhid hamma which is the Buddhist book about science and psychology. Kenneth Kraft has agreed with the idea that this mundane awakening in Buddhism started with Siddhartha but was hidden. These principles such as equal opportunity, social change and ethical sensitivity as emphasized in the west can now be realized. Buddhist believes that the poor needs more attention as life need a lot of material things than those who haveRead MoreReligion : Science And Religion1273 Words   |  6 PagesScience and religion were based back in modern days to be the answer to everyone, and society as a whole to handle their issues through the church majority of the time, until science came along and changed the perspective of everyone’s outlook on how they were to solve their conflicts. Within the world today they both still exist and are still being put to use for its main purpose which is to create answers to things we face that need a solution. I believe Religion started inRead MoreThe Philosophy of Erich Fromm1123 Words   |  5 Pagesof its major developments (Cherry). Not only did it bring technological progress and new ideologies, but also bitter fruits of war unseen by mankind before. He contemplated the motives behind aggression and violence which led him to the study of psychology and sociology (Cherry). Fromm’s last work, â€Å"To Have or to Be† (1976), is the culmination of his strive to find and explain the purpose of human life. He perceived our existence as being driven by either the having or the being mode and explained

Essay on Athletic Benefits of Dance - 1909 Words

Dance is an art, a creative portal, a form of expression; it is a sport. Atop all of the things that dance can be, it is also something physical. It takes work, power and effort. It takes stamina, grace and an extreme amount of muscle and flexibility. What do athletes need to have, all of those characteristics. When it comes to athletes, of any kind, dance can help with honing their skills. Something that most athletes do not seem to understand is that dance is just as much a physical and athletic sport as their sport is. Dance can help in areas that regular conditioning, working out, stretching, and practicing cannot. Dance is not only a sport, but an art. When athletes participate in the arts it makes them more well– rounded†¦show more content†¦After dance, an athlete seems to understand the arts a bit more and appreciate them (Dascomb). Athletics take stamina and concentration. It is something not only physical, but mental. Choreography is the type of no tation used when arranging the movements, steps, and patterns for dance. Dancers use both mental memory and physical muscle memory in order to learn and retain choreography. The same thing is used when learning technique. Technique is the ability to apply procedures or methods to get a desired result. When dancing, the small technical things affect the out come just as much as the larger movements. For instance, if athletes practice and practice, their skills become more refined, but most athletes do not tend to practice things in an entire sequence. They may practice three- pointers, but once they are in a game with another team opposing them, is a three-pointer going to be as easy as they had practiced? If the practice is run in sequence they may get used to the smaller technical movements, therefore converting them into muscle memory. Think of it as choreography. If an athlete can use muscle memory and perform a sequence of steps in multiple situations, they will be able to make the shot every time. Another large benefit of dance for an athlete is body awareness. Body awareness is a persons ability to know their body, how their body moves, and how to move correctly in the space around them. With aShow MoreRelatedDance is a sport Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Persuasive Speech Outline Dance is a Sport! I. Introduction: a) Attention Getter: What is the definition of a sport? A game played with a ball? Is it people in tight pants running around? How about â€Å"an athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of a competitive nature†? That sounds more like it. Football, baseball, and track fit those definitions, but so does another recreational activity that is not typically considered a sport: dance. b) Personal Statement: I myselfRead MoreImplied Curriculum: Physical Education for All Students935 Words   |  4 Pages aerobic dance, advanced weight training, and advanced swimming and life guard training (Wayne Township Curriculum Resource Center, 2013). Each of these classes has a slightly different emphasis, allowing students to choose classes based on their personal preference. While physical education focuses on the cognitive and affective domains of lifelong fitness, the athletic programs of the school focus more on the competitive aspect and skills of sports. The implied curriculum of athletic programsRead MoreMen in Ballet: More than Meets the Eye Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesBallet is not merely an activity for girls; it is an art form that, by stretching the bodys mental and physical capacities, teaches discipline. During the Renaissance, the Italian dance master Domencio da Piacenza (1400-1470) copied down ballet movements in order to study and expand the art (Popular And Social Dance). Soon after, what had once been an activity strictly limited to balls and courts of the aristocratic families blossomed into an art of its own. As time passed, society adopted balletRead MoreThe Arts Are Always The First To Go When A Budget Crisis1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe arts are always the first to go when a budget crisis arises in any school. 4,100 arts teachers were planned to be laid off in June of 2011 (cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com). Athletics are always prioritized while the art and music programs get the shorter end of the stick. 4,100 arts teachers were planned to be laid off in June of 2011 In April 2016, my high school’s indoor drumline was eliminated due to issues with funding. This program had been a major part in the high school’s music program forRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Participating in Team Sports1076 Words   |  5 Pagesdoubt that intercollegiate athletics is one of the significant filters through which the public looks at American post-secondary education said Lapchick, Sperber, Telander, and thelin (p. 1). This leads to multiple future college student-athletes being recruited by college coaches. In addition, Mixon, Toma and Cross stated, The publics image of an institution as well as it’s attractiveness to prospective students are often influenced by the performance of its athletic teams (p. 1). There are veryRead MoreCheerleading Association : The College Nationals1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthem from varsity scholarships and athletic funds. Many schools have found a way to get around this ruling, such as the University of Maryland. They divided the sideline and competitive cheerleaders into two different teams. By doing this, they then turned the competitive cheer team into a varsity sport, allowing them to receive the athletic funds and scholarships that the University provides for all varsity sports. â€Å"â€Å"It is a sport if you are competing,† athletic director [AD] Debbie Yow said. â€Å"ThisRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?918 Words   |  4 Pages Universities establish their reputation in their accreditation, the success rate of their students, and believe it or not, their athletic achievements. Upon applying to colleges, an applicant will almost always base their interest in the institution on its educational value, location, student feedback, and sports. Many of these universities grant extremely generous scholarships to student athletes, offering them a practically free education. W hile some agree with this method of accommodationRead MoreCollege Athletes for Hire1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthis issue in their co-authored book entitled College Athletes for Hire, The Evolution and Legacy of the NCAAs Amateur Myth written by Allen L. Sack and Ellen J. Staurowsky. In their book, the authors enlighten the reader on such issues as athletic scholarships, professionalism in college sports, and favoritism for athletes as well as many more important legal, and ethical issues that we as a country need to address. In this paper I will not do a standard book report by simply regurgitatingRead More College Athletes For Hire Essays1407 Words   |  6 Pagestackle this issue in their co-authored book entitled â€Å"College Athletes for Hire, The Evolution and Legacy of the NCAA’s Amateur Myth† written by Allen L. Sack and Ellen J. Staurowsky. In their book, the authors enlighten the reader on such issues as athletic scholarships, professionalism in college sports, and favoritism for athletes as well as many more important legal, and ethical issues that we as a country need to address. In this paper I will not do a standard book report by simply regurgitatingRead MoreValue Of Education Based Activities At Roosevelt High School1226 Words   |  5 Pagessponsored clubs. Extracurricular activities provide an avenue for secondary schools to reinforce the lessons learned in the classroom, offering students the opportunity to apply academic skills in a real-world context, for this reason, interscholastic athletic and fine arts programs are considered part of a well-rounded education. Through participation in activity programs, students learn teamwork, self-discipline, self-confid ence, diversity, develop skills to handle competitive situations and cultivate

Dorothea Dix Essay Example For Students

Dorothea Dix Essay Monday 15/03/04Dorothea Dix was born in Hamden Maine April 4, 1802, and she diedJuly 18 1887. She was 85 years old when she died .She has two brothers andone sisters. she was born in little hut .No father her mothervisitDorotheas grandparents who he lives in boston .Dorothea has a new life shehave her own bedroom..When Dorothea has seven years old she going toschool. When Dorothea was twenty years old, she decided to write a bookcalled Conversation on common things which she became popular. Dorotheateach at a school for two years .After that she returned to boston andprepared herself more she can teaching. When she has twenty four shedecided to open a school for poor child..Her grandmother s say to herdont bring any child who has diseases in my house. WhenDorotheawas 30 years old she decided to open her own school who she ocupedthirty four child..when she was thirty four years old she married with aDr. His wife decided to open a school nursing who she teaching in theschool. In July 18 1887 she was to old and she died. Jesse Owens was born September 12 1913 in a little town namedOakville. He was died in march 31 1980.He has 73 years old when he died.Jesse lived in a family poor. His family call him J.C .When he was eightyears old his family moved to find a better job for his father. When Jessewas in eight grader he practice sports in his school. When Jesse has 13years old he gong to a new school. One day Jesse practice track AdolfHitler came to watching him .Adolf ask Jesse if he want to play track. After two years Jesse goes to the Olympic who he won the firstprize..One day he say to himself I must going to Ohio university tocontinue his track career. When Jesse is in college he goes to the nationalchampionship who he won the championship. After six years he was the firstperson who won many game. In 1980 he has a cancer and he died. Many peoplegoes to his funerail

The Influence of Online Advertisement free essay sample

The Influence of Online Advertisement Introduction Background of the Study Does online advertising significantly influence students of the University of the East-Caloocan in patronizing local product? There have been many studies that focus on online advertisements in local products. 8 of these studies are examined by the group. 5 of these studies represent the growth of the online advertisements. 3 of these studies indicate the behavioural intention and negativity of online ad. The studies of Ha (2008). Tang Chi, (2005), Mccoy et al (2008), Galletta (2004) Goldfarb Tucker (2010), represent the growth of the online advertisements. The studies of Kugel, Havlena, Graham (2004), Wu (2007), Carlon, Ryan, Weledniger (2000), indicate the behavioral intention and negativity of online ad. Exposure to an online advertisement has value that can be thought to the students of UE Caloocan. Statement of the Problem This study attempts to answer the question: Does online advertising significantly influence students of the University of the East-Caloocan in patronizing local product? Specifically, this study attempts to answer the following questions: 1. Does online advertising significantly influence students of the University of the East-Caloocan in patronizing local food? 2. Does online advertising significantly influence students of the University of the East-Caloocan in patronizing local clothing? 3. Does online advertising significantly influence students of the University of the East-Caloocan in patronizing local jewelry? 4. Does online advertising significantly influence students of the University of the East-Caloocan in patronizing local personal care? Significance of the Study This study is significant to the Academe, Advertisers, and Entrepreneur. It is Important to the Academe because the outcome of the study can be a source of information of the future students that will make a similar study. Apparently, this is significant to the Advertisers, to know the effectiveness and use this study as reference and for them to make an analysis base on the present studies about online ads. In line with this, this is important to the Entrepreneurs to design new way of selling products to see the difference between selling online and going to the mall to shop. Scope and Limitation The study covers the online advertisement local product. This means that only local food, clothing, jewelry, personal care. This does not include cellphones, computers etc. The respondents would be UE Caloocan college students from College of Arts and Sciences and College of Fine Arts. This study is expected to be resolved until the end of the second semester, Academic year 2010-2011. References: Gold farb, Avi Tucker, Catherine ( February, 2010). Online display Advertising Targeting and Obstrusiveness http://www. rotman. utoronto. a/~agoldfarb/GoldfarbTucker-intrusiveness. pdf Mccoy et al. (December, 2004). A Study of the Effects of Online Advertising: A Focus on Pop-Up and In-Line Ads http://interruptions. net/literature/McCoy-HCIRMIS04. pdf Chi, Wen hai Tang, Wen- Tze (2005, March). The Role of trust In Customer Online Shopping Behavior: Perspective of technology Acceptance Model http://www. casos. cs. cmu. edu/events/conferences/2005/2005_proceedings/Tang. pdf Pearson, Michael Green, David (2004, December). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Two Web Site Usability Instruments. ttp://www. linknet1. com/sighci/Research/ICIS2004/SIGHCI_2004_Proceedings_paper_4. pdf Wu, Guohua, (2007). Applying the rossiter-percy grid to online advertising planning: the role of product/brand type in previsit intentions. http://jiad. org/article95 Kugel, Christian, Havlena, Bill Graham Jeffrey (April, 2004). Decay Effects in Online Advertising: Quantifying the Impact of Time Since Last Exposure. http://www. dynamiclogic. com/na/research/industry_presentations/docs/Starcom_Dynamic_Logic_Decay. pdf Carlon, Michael, Ryan, Marc, Risa, Weledniger (October, 2000). The five Golden Rules of Online branding. http://www. dynamiclogic. com/DL_5gold_rules. pdf Ha, Luisa (2008). Online Advertising Research in Advertising Online Journals. Review. http://www. britannica. com/bps/additionalcontent/18/32183306/Online-Advertising-Research-in-Advertising-Journals-A-Review Chapter 2 Framework of the Study This chapter presents a review of literature related to this study, the theoretical and conceptual framework and hypotheses of this study, and a definition of special terms used in this study. Review of Related Studies A total of 9 studies related to the present study are reviewed in this section. Of the 9 studies, 2 have found that online advertisements significantly influence consumers in purchasing a product. While 7 have found that online advertisements do not significantly influence consumers in purchasing a product. The study of Desmond Minh Hou Poh shows that the findings suggest that the traditional advertising hierarchy of effects model is relevant in the online marketing environment, and that investment in online marketing communication can be evaluated using this stable and reliable method. It is, however, suggested that further research is needed to improve . (Minh Hou Poh, n. d. ) The remaining seven explains why online advertisements do not significantly influence consumers in purchasing a product. It explores the aptitude and potential of these applications as influencers of customer behavior and marketing instruments. Based on research findings and field experiences the article identifies the main ways corporations can use the social media as strategic marketing instruments. (Constantinides,2004:online) The study of Fangfang Diao and Shyam Sundar esults fully supported the proposition that pop-up ads elicit orienting responses. Ad recognition was lower whereas ad recall was higher for pop-up ads compared to banner ads. In addition to main effects, the data revealed several interaction effects, with implications for theory. (Diao Sundar,2004) Online product communities have emerged as an important forum for customers to interact amongst themselves as well as with t he firm. This study advances a new construct, online community experience (OCE) to enhance our understanding of customer interactions in such online product communities. The study proposes a research model that focuses on the impact of customers’ online community experience on their product-related perceptions and attitudes. The model also identifies the antecedents or determinants of customers’ online community experience. (Nambisan,2004:online) Theoretical Framework The theory suggests that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly and uniformly by ‘shooting’ or ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to trigger a desired response. Both images used to express this theory (a bullet and a needle) suggest a powerful and direct flow of information from the sender to the receiver. The bullet theory graphically suggests that the message is a bullet, fired from the media gun into the viewers head. With similarly emotive imagery the hypodermic needle model suggests that media messages are injected straight into a passive audience which is immediately influenced by the message. They express the view that the media is a dangerous means of communicating an idea because the receiver or audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message. There is no escape from the effect of the message in these models. The population is seen as a sitting duck. People are seen as passive and are seen as having a lot media material shot at them. People end up thinking what they are told because there is no other source of information. New assessments that the Magic Bullet Theory was not accurate came out of election studies in  The Peoples Choice,  (Lazarsfeld, Berelson and Gaudet, 1944/1968). The project was conducted during the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940

Use of IT tools in Road Management and Engineering Essay Example

Use of IT tools in Road Management and Engineering Essay The report presents the use of IT tools in the road management and engineering area. IT tools used in the road management and engineering area is the main approach worldwide. It can save time, cost, labor force and also perform some works that human may not be able to accomplish. HDM-4 and ARCADY are typical examples of computer programmes. HDM-4 aims at assisting engineers in predicting the future economic, technical, social and environmental outcomes of possible investment decisions concerning road assets. It provide assessments of the economic and environmental impact of investment choices and consider new development works, maintenance works and improvement works as possible investment choices. ARCADY can assist engineers in predicting accident rates in existing roundabouts and designing new roundabouts at an ordinary intersection. It can save much precious time for engineers in geometric design in avoiding iterations by hands. Examples of testing these two computer programmes we re performed. They justify the validity of both computer programmes in the road management and engineering area. However, nothing is perfect and the computer programmes also have drawbacks which will be discussed in this report. Contents Page Abstract We will write a custom essay sample on Use of IT tools in Road Management and Engineering specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Use of IT tools in Road Management and Engineering specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Use of IT tools in Road Management and Engineering specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 HDM-4 2-4 2.1 System Architecture 2 2.2 Road Management Function 2-4 2.2.1 Planning 3 2.2.2 Programming 3 2.2.3 Preparation 3 2.2.4 Operation 3-4 3.0 ARCADY 5 4 4.0 Test of HDM-4 and ARCADY 5 4-6 4.1 HDM-4 4-5 4.1.1 Results 5 4.2 ARCADY 5-6 4.2.1 Results 6 1.0 Introduction IT tools are widely used in many fields now. In the road management and engineering field, IT tools are especially vital and useful because road congestion and road accidents attribute billions of dollars in a country each year. For economical and environmental issues, uses of IT tools can efficiently reduce the social and economic loss due to the congestion and accidents, and mitigate the environmental impact from vehicles. The Highway Development and Management Tools (HDM-4) is a software system for investigating choices in investing in road transport infrastructure. It was developed on the basis of HDM-3. These choices may include developing new roads, improving existing roads, maintaining existing roads, introducing new vehicle technology and introducing new ways for funding and managing road assets. It will enable managers of road network assets to investigate the possibilities for providing cost-effective development and upkeep of their road system, which brings benefits to the communities that they serve. ARCADY is a popular computer programme for designing roundabouts in UK. It can design a new roundabout at an intersection; predict capacities, queue lengths, delays and accident risk at existing roundabouts. It is very important in road engineering for designing roundabouts quickly since time is very important in an engineering field. 2.0 HDM-4 HDM-4 is a decision support software system for assisting road managers to predict future economic, technical, social and environmental outcomes of possible investment decisions concerning road assets, and consider new development works, maintenance works and improvement works as possible investment choices and allow to consider investments on a single section of road, or a large network of road links (many sections), or any combination of road sections in a sub-network. For example, traffic volume and composition, deterioration of the road condition, the effect of works on road condition, the effect of the investment on vehicle emissions and the effect of condition and road works on road users, in terms of vehicle operating performance and costs, road user and cargo time delay and costs, accident rates and costs can be predicted. 2.1 System Architecture The HDM-4 technology can be integrated with present and future road management systems. It has been developed at three levels which are the knowledge and algorithms embodied in the modelling of technical, and economic performance of road infrastructure, the program modules which deliver the models in explicit terms, and the HDM-4 software, including the modelling modules, which provides the investment analysis and works programming functions (PIARC, 2000). The system architecture consists of a database, data managers, models and analysis tools. A database manages the input data and analysis results while data managers are software which provides the user interface and controls data. Models are software modules which reflect modeling algorithms, and analysis tools controls the system application (PIARC, 2000). 2.2 Road Management Functions The HDM-4 provides a powerful system for the analysis of road management and investment alternatives. The system can be applied to road management, programming road works, estimating funding requirements, budget allocations, predicting road network performance, project appraisal, policy impact studies and a wide range of special applications. 2.2.1 Planning HDM-4 can analyze the road system as a whole in medium to long term, or strategic, estimates of expenditure for road development and preservation under various budget and economic scenarios. Predictions can be made of road network conditions under different funding levels in terms of key indicators together with forecasts of required expenditure under defined budget. The results of the planning exercise are of most interest to senior policy makers in the roads sector in both political and professional means. The HDM-4 application in the planning level is always performed by strategy analysis. 2.2.2 Programming Programming involves the preparation of multi-year roadwork and expenditure programmes in which sections of the network needs maintenance, improvement or new construction, are selected and analyzed. Ideally, cost-benefit analysis should be undertaken to determine the economic feasibility of each set of works. The programming activity produces estimates of expenditure in each year, under defined budget, for different types of roadwork and for each road section. The HDM-4 application in the programming level is programming analysis. 2.2.3 Preparation This is the short-term planning stage where road schemes are packaged for implementation. At this stage, designs are refined and prepared in more details; bills of quantities and detailed costing are made, together with work instructions and contracts. Detailed specifications and costing are defined, and detailed cost-benefit analysis can be carried out to confirm the feasibility of the final scheme. The HDM-4 application in the preparation level is project analysis. 2.2.4 Operations Decisions about the management of operations are generally made on a daily or weekly basis, including the scheduling of work to be carried out, monitoring of labours, equipments and materials, the recording of work completed, and use of this information for monitoring and control. 3.0 ARCADY 5 ARCADY (Assessment of Roundabout Capacity and Delay) has been developed over the last 20 years by TRL (Transport Research Laboratory) and is used for predicting capacities, queue lengths, delays and accident risk at roundabouts. ARCADY is a user friendly and helpful tool to aid the busy traffic engineer in designing new roundabouts as well as assessing the effects of modifying existing designs. It can design a roundabout and predict the accident rates automatically within a short time. It can also avoid the iteration process by hand to save much time. Thus, ARCADY is very convenient and important in road engineering. ARCADY 5 is the most recent evolution of a program that has been successfully used to design and re-design thousands of roundabouts throughout the world. ARCADY 5s main platform is graphical under standard Windows* environment, which is common to many organizations including governments, multi-national organizations and universities. ARCADY is based on empirical relationships derived from the study of many UK roundabouts. The capacity relationships were established from a database covering 11,000 minutes of at capacity operation at 86 roundabout entries, and the accident prediction routine is based on 431 injury accidents at 84 roundabouts. Capacity and injury accident rates are linked directly to intersection geometry. The entire UK government, funded research programme, carried out at TRL, cost some and 7.5m or US$ 11.5m at todays values, and gives ARCADY robustness (TRL Software Bureau, 2003). 4.0 Test of HDM-4 and ARCADY-5 4.1 HDM-4 In the Highway Development and Management Series, Kerali (2000) presented an example of the analysis of HDM-4. The national road authority has drawn up a list of candidate road sections for periodic maintenance and improvement over the next three years in Western Province. The list of candidate road sections follows a review of pavement condition surveys carried out by consultants. There is a policy that the candidate projects are prioritized and selected for the maintenance programme in the three-year budget period. The objective of the task is to prioritize the candidates according to the economic benefits basis. The HDM-4 imports data from the Pavement Management System or use the HDM-4 Road Network manager to create the candidate road sections. It also defines the characteristics of the vehicles that use the road network and specify the traffic growth rates. The maintenance and improvement standards are assigned to the candidate road sections together with the unit costs. Afterwards, the road works can be determined. The unconstrained work programme results give the total funding required for the list of candidate road sections. Finally, HDM-4 can carry out the budget optimization to prioritize and select the short list of projects that can be carried out within the available budget. 4.1.1 Results The analyses indicate that the selected road sections for periodic maintenance and road improvement would require approximately US$11.345 million over the three year budget period. 4.2 ARCADY 5 ARCADY calculations can be applied to single island roundabouts with up to seven arm. The user has a choice of methods of entering traffic flows and the program can estimate the shape of the peak according to the amount of data available. The safety of a design can be tested using ARCADYs accident predictions. Accident prediction is available for all conventional and mini-roundabouts layouts. The program can be applied to single-island roundabouts with 3 to 7 arms and now mini-roundabouts. Both at-grade and grade-separated roundabouts can be modelled. Pedestrian crossings (zebra crossing type) can be included, and the queue lengths can be viewed, animated and printed. Roundabout capacity studies by Highways Agencys Compendium of Research from 1993 to 1996 with the project value of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300,000 was carried out to check the continuing validity of the existing ARCADY relationships for conventional roundabouts and to derive capacity relationships for mini-roundabouts. The outputs were to be implemented in a new release of ARCADY incorporating both capacity and accident relationships for mini-roundabouts. It is 15 to 20 years since the capacity relationships used in the ARCADY computer program were established; corresponding capacity relationships for mini-roundabouts have never been separately determined. 4.2.1 Results The checks on capacities at conventional roundabouts have been found to be still valid (Highways Agencys Compendium of Research, 2003). Minor areas where further research work could give useful benefits have been identified. Related work on mini-roundabouts was brought to a successful conclusion. 5.0 Discussion The main approach of HDM-4 is usually biased to the economic approach because it is mainly applied in the network and program level which focus on the economic area. Therefore, it may not be very practical in real situation. For example, when evaluating the maintenance of a pavement in a long term period, it may estimate that the pavement only needs one major rehabilitation in the period. However, it is impractical to have a large funding for the rehabilitation in a short period such as one year. It may not be allowed in such a large amount such as millions of pounds in a year. Therefore, in practice, a major rehabilitation should be modified to several smaller ones around that period. It may be easier for funding in several times for several rehabilitations over a longer period. That shows planners or engineers must ensure the results obtained from HDM-4 practical in real before implementation because computer programmes can only give us the results under ideal conditions which are always impossible in our real world. Also, another drawback for the application of the HDM Model is the availability of adequate data. It is important that the highway agencies realize how critical it is to collect and process the required data in order to produce sound results. A specific budget should be assigned for this task if consistent and serious results are wanted. Collection of data is an expensive activity and it may not be possible for every road assets. ARCADY was justified to be still valid for different types of roundabouts. It can effectively assist highway engineers in assessing the existing roundabouts for safety or any possible improvement, and designing a new roundabout from an ordinary intersection in order to alleviate the heavy right turn movement. It also includes crash prediction model based on UK equation. The software is backed by TRL and thus the validity of it can be ensured by numbers of research. However, it required detailed knowledge of geometrics such as approach length, approach curvature and entry width and so on. It is also restricted to about 50% confidence limits and the calibration to U.S. capacity is still unknown at this time. 6.0 Conclusions IT tools bring many advantages and convenience to our lives. It shortens the gap between people and time required from place to place. It makes the world run faster with better quality. . They always play major roles in many fields such as construction, banking and design, etc. There are many computer programmes used for road management and engineering. HDM-4 and ARCADY are typical examples in this field. HDM-4 mainly performs its functions in road management in making decision for the future improvement of road assets in network and project level. It can predict the different impacts. Making decision related to cost is very important since budget is always limited and so prioritization is always necessary. The prioritization can be determined by HDM-4, and the budget and resource can be effectively allocated. ARCADY can perform its functions in road engineering in geometric design and accident rate prediction. It has the advantages of time saving, accuracy and clear presentation over human capability in design by hands. Accuracy is very important in geometric design since it can directly affect the road users. Therefore, it can increase the degree of road safety which is always the most important issue in road traffic. ARCADY has been developed to ARCADY 5 and this latest version was tested to be still valid in performing its functions effectively. Practical uses of both computer programmes also show their validities in the areas in many projects but further analyses are still necessary for overcoming the drawbacks.

Making Use of Essay Samples

Making Use of Essay SamplesThe PTE (Preparing for the Exams) is a mandatory component of the Common Entrance Examination. It is an assessment tool that makes you prepare for the examination. In order to pass this examination, you must do well in the PTE.A large number of different PTE practice essays are available in the Internet. There are two types of essays available for the Common Entrance Examination. Some essay samples and sample topics are easier to understand compared to the other.The first type of PTE is called Exam Preparation Essay. These are simple PTE practice essays that you can practice reading. All you need to do is read and answer these questions.Another kind of PTE is the Test Prep Essay. These essay samples will help you with preparing for the test. This type of PTE is very effective because it will make you prepare for the exam. All you need to do is answer the questions.If you are able to do well in these practice exams, you will be able to pass the exam successf ully. You will know that all you need to do is follow the step by step instructions. These samples will help you get to know the way how the questions are asked.The test is expected to be very hard and if you fail the essay samples, you will not be able to pass the exam. This is the reason why you need to practice in writing essays. You need to practice writing a long essay. This is also a good reason why you need to get all the essay samples from the Internet.These essay samples will help you in preparing for the PTE. You need to write a long essay that will be very detailed and has several parts. After writing the essay, you need to answer the question and then check your answers. The PTE will ask you a few more questions that will make sure that you have properly prepared for the exam.

Document Analysis of Wittes Economic Policy Reform Essay Example

Document Analysis of Wittes Economic Policy Reform Essay Example Document Analysis of Wittes Economic Policy Reform Essay Document Analysis of Wittes Economic Policy Reform Essay Sergei Witte, the author of this document of economic policy reform was appointed to the position of Minister of Finance in 1893. He was appointed Minister of Finance during the reign of Alexander III to help Russias struggling economy. Witte was a very influential Minister of Finance achieving the ultimate goal of putting Russia on the gold standard in 1897. 1 This was one of the main reasons as to why this document was written in 1899, because Russia could now implement radical economic policies due to the foreign investment it received because it had the gold standard. Witte was an admirer of Western European style economies, and did not approve of Russias policy of exporting raw materials and importing finished goods. By halting the policy of exporting raw materials and importing finished goods, Witte believed that this would be a fundamental factor in the industrialisation of Russia. Lionel Kochan believed that Sergei Witte was one of the most important men in Russia in pioneering its eventual success to industrialise. Although Kochan was an admirer of Witte, many western European historians believed that Wittes reforms hindered and not helped Russias economy, such as domestic industries which did not benefit from contracts and subsides. 3 The document of economic reform was addressed to the Tsar, Nicholas II. This document is meant for the Tsar to read and is extremely secret. Witte hoped Nicholas II would give his approval to his ideas of economic reform for Russia. The style in which Witte wrote the document is to inform the Tsar of the flaws in Russian economy and almost to scare the Tsar into immediate and radical change in economic policy. However, in various parts of the document, Witte seems to be somewhat sycophantic towards the Tsar, possibly in an attempt to win the approval of the Tsar to implement his economic policies for Russia. Nicholas II has been described as an ineffective ruler4 and this may have influenced the way in which Witte wrote the document. Witte knew that Nicholas relied on senior politicians to help him run the country and used this to his advantage in this document by highlighting some of Russias shortfalls when pitted against major European powers. This was a major factor in the construction of this document with only two years previous to it being written Russia received gold standard status which meant their currency could now be exchanged for all other gold standard currencies in the Europe. This made it easier for foreign capital to be invested into Russia. The idea of foreign capital being invested into Russia was a new innovation because before this document was written Russia had adopted an isolationist economy, and believed that, unlimited free trade did not permit the economy to develop calmly. The reason set out by Witte about the drastic need of foreign investment needed is to speedily furnish our country with abundant and cheap goods. Witte believed that this would therefore lead to businesses in Russia to seek out new technological advances which will ultimately bring down the price of goods for the consumer. When Witte wrote the document the current economic system in Russia was poor. The economy was geared towards exporting raw materials and importing finished goods, and because Russia were not supplying there own economy with finished goods, it meant that the average consumer in Russia had to pay a lot more for products than countries in western Europe. An example of this was an Englishman pays 26 kopecks for a pood of pig iron, an American will pay 32 kopecks, but a Russian pays up to 90 kopecks. This shows that Russians had to pay almost three times what western Europeans and Americans paid for their goods. When this document was written the policy of protectionism was adopted in Russia. This meant that high tariffs were imposed on imported goods, to protect Russian businesses. Although this is an understandable approach to protecting a certain economy it meant that Russian businesses did not have to compete for trade and therefore the standard of goods could be low, with no technological advancements. With the new economic policy Witte was trying to implement it meant that Russian entrepreneurs had to develop their ideas and ways in which they make their goods, in order for them to be cheaper for the Russian people. Witte also points out in the document that Russia needs to develop mass production industries, widely dispersed. and where competition play has the dominant role. This shows Wittes admiration of western European economies by wanting to create mass production industries, and shows his vision that Russia could be a major economic power. However, Witte understands the drawbacks of relying on foreign trade to boost the economy. He describes it as very dangerous to rely on foreign trade for the lowering of our prices. In his conclusion of the economic policy for the empire, Witte sets out six main points as to how his new economic policy for Russia is going to work. In it he says that the tariff of 1891 will not amended until the renewal of the trade treaties. Witte here shows his understanding that sudden changes to the current Russian economy will cause shocks that will have unprecedented damage to the businesses in Russia. Witte also shows understanding of the importance of domestic industry to Russia, he shows that without domestic industry, the influx of foreign capital will not be as much as before the new economic policy was implemented. This document is very reliable as a historical source. Although it was translated from Russian to English. Overall, Witte knew that although foreign capital was important to the new economic policy, he also understood that the protectionist system of old was important Russia. Witte therefore recognised that with the balance of domestic industry and foreign capital Russia could have a prosperous economy.