The Rising Costs of the Iraq War Essay Example for Free

The Rising Costs of the Iraq War Essay In the 2003 Budget the government set aside ? 3 billion to cover â€Å"the full costs of the UK’s military obligations† in Iraq [1]. In the past four years the amount allocated to this ‘Special Reserve’ has steadily increased, and with an extra ? 400 million in this year’s Budget the total is now over ? 7. 4 billion. This is in addition to recent increases in general military spending. This briefing investigates the financial costs of the Iraq conflict to the UK taxpayer. It notes a significant opaqueness in the budgeting process as well as the potential for costs to continue to escalate. The financial costs of a war may not be the first consideration. War brings many costs, foremost in lives lost and damaged. However, the decision to involve the UK in the invasion of Iraq had substantial implications for UK public spending. Money spent on the Iraq war and wider ‘war on terror’ represents significant diversions from other government budgets. The lack of transparency in the UK finances is in contrast to the US, where all budgetary proposals must be scrutinised by Congress. Comprehensive information about US military spending is available and has contributed to considerable public debate. The sums spent by the US government are many times those of the UK, and there are a number of projects aimed at publicising the scale of US war spending (e. g. http://costofwar. com). The Special Reserve The 2002 Pre-Budget Report set aside ? 1 billion to enable the armed forces to prepare for the coming invasion of Iraq[2]. By the time of the Budget in March 2003, UK forces were in Iraq. The Chancellor increased the amount to ? 3 billion and it became known as ‘the Special Reserve’[3]. In the 2003 Pre-Budget Report another ? 500 million was added for financial year 2003-04 and a further ? 300 million for 2004-05; bringing the total up to ? 3. 8 billion[4]. While there was no increase in the 2004 Budget Report, another ? 520 million for 2004-05 was announced in the Pre-Budget Report of December that year[5]. The 2005 Budget Report included a further ? 340 million added for 2004-05 and ? 400 million for 2005-06[6], whilst the 2005 Pre-Budget Report included another ? 580 million . The 2006 Budget report allocated ? 800 million for operations in 2006-07 and this was followed by ? 600 million in the 2006 Pre-Budget Report. Most recently, the 2007 Budget allocated a further 400million for 2007-08. Thus, to date, the total amount allocated to the Special Reserve is ? 7. 44 billion. The Special Reserve is not only set aside for costs in Iraq, but also for â€Å"the UK’s other international obligations†[7]. However, nowhere in the public domain has the Treasury published how much of the Special Reserve has been spent, nor how much of it has been spent on Iraq. Table 2 (please see pdf file above). , which gives a breakdown of the spending of the Special Reserve, was obtained through a Freedom of Information request solicited by the Iraq Analysis Group. Of the ? 6. 44bn set aside at various times to the Special reserve by March 2006, at least ? 6. 3bn had been allocated to departments, almost the total amount possible. About ? 4. 4bn of the Reserve had been spent by the Ministry of Defence in Iraq[8] between 2002 and 2006, with at least an additional ? 156 million allocated to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Department for International Development. Furthermore, the forecasted outturn for the financial year 2005-06 is larger than that of 2004-05, suggesting that costs in Iraq are still far from settling down to something approaching the spending in Afghanistan. How Much is ? 4. 4 Billion? The ? 4. 4 billion already allocated to operations in Iraq has been raised through the pre-existing tax structure, borrowing and other government revenue and consequently there exists some trade-off between the additional defence spending and other public spending options. ?3. 2 billion spent on education, for example, would be sufficient to fund the recruitment and retention of over 10,300 new teachers for ten years. In health, it would allow the building of around 44 new hospitals. The ? 6. 44 billion Special Reserve represents the entire annual budget of the Department of International Development and would allow a five-fold increase in bilateral aid to Africa[9]. According to UNICEF estimates, ? 5 billion would fund two years of full immunization for every child in the developing world[10]. Oil Prices Any sort of uncertainty in the Middle East is serious because of the possible effects on oil prices and, in turn, the possible effects on the economies of the rest of the world. Iraq is particularly significant because its proven oil reserves are 112 billion barrels or about 10 per cent of the worlds total. Iraqs reserves are second only to its neighbour Saudi Arabia. Further exploration is likely to significantly increase Iraqs proven reserves. Iraqs oil is also said to be very attractive because it is easy to recover and so production costs are among the lowest in the world. (2) Iraqs sustainable production is around 2. 8 2. 9 million barrels per day, with a net export potential of around 2. 3 2. 5 million barrels per day. Those figures compare with total world oil production of 68 million barrels per day and the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) production of 29 million barrels per day, or 42 per cent of the total. (3) The US is by far the biggest consumer of petroleum consuming 19. 6 million barrels per day of which net imports are 10. 9 million barrels per day. (4) Iraqs production potential is limited by aging infrastructure in poor repair. UN sanctions prevent the importation of spare parts and other necessary equipment. The volume of Iraqi exports permitted under UN sanctions (the oil-for-food program) is much lower at around 1. 6 million barrels per day; however, some additional oil is smuggled out of Iraq. According to the US Energy Information Agency some oil experts think that Iraqs oil production could double in the next few years provided sufficient investment were to be made and the UN sanctions lifted. (5) The prospect of continued and possibly expanded Iraqi production is behind some of the optimistic scenarios examined below. Also important have been statements by the OPEC to the effect that they would be able to cover any reduction in supplies from Iraq, despite suggestions that OPEC is producing near full capacity. (6) Any increase in non-OPEC production would also help moderate oil prices. In the longer term supplies from non-traditional sources, including Central Asian members of the former Soviet Union, could put downward pressure on prices. Oil prices have increased throughout most of 2002 and into 2003 from about US$20 per barrel in mid 2002 to around US$35 per barrel in early March 2003. There have been many commentators willing to suggest that oil prices may peak at much higher values. Bad case scenarios have been published that estimate oil prices increasing to US$75 per barrel by George Perry from the Brookings Institute and US$80 per barrel by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies. (7) While such figures tend to be reported by the press, it needs to be kept in mind that these are only worst case scenarios. Large sudden price increases cannot be ruled out. However, it is important to note that war with Iraq has been widely anticipated and we would expect that the effects of war would be anticipated in the markets and already be reflected in prices. Against that, some observers suggest that a quick war without damage to Iraqs oil wells would eliminate the war premium and reduce prices to figures around US$20 per barrel. (8) Effects of Higher Oil Prices Oil price increases act like a tax on fuel that is collected by oil producers and transfers income from users to producers. It increases the burdens on users, and when the users are businesses, it increases the costs that they are likely to pass on to the consumer. The oil tax also involves major changes to international trade and investment flows. The 1970s oil price increases were associated with major disruptions to economic activity sparking international recession as well as inflation. The term stagflation was introduced to refer to the unusual combination of both higher inflation and unemployment that began during this period. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has done some work on the specific effects of higher world oil prices. Modelling the effect of a permanent US$5 per barrel increase in oil prices the IMF finds that world GDP would fall by 0. 2 per cent in year one and 0. 3 per cent in years two and three. There would be a roughly equal transfer of GDP (also around 0. 2 per cent) to oil producing countries from oil importing countries with additional transfers within countries. Other Macroeconomic Implications Oil prices will play a large part in the eventual outcomes of the war with Iraq. However, there are more than just the direct effects of oil prices involved. The world economy is going through a period of volatility and uncertainty partly associated with geo-political concerns. All economic commentators refer to the present uncertainty and its effects on both investors and consumers. In the case of Iraq, political uncertainty also has a direct impact on the rest of the world through oil prices. A common view seems to be that the uncertainty relates to the immediate future and that, once the Iraq problem is out of the way, everything will be clearer. For example, in his testimony to the US Congress, the chair of the Federal Reserve Board, Alan Greenspan, anticipates the removal of the Iraq-related uncertainties'(17) that seem to be complicating the present view of the world economy. Another observer has said: The common, hopeful view on Wall Street is that a short, decisive victory in a war with Iraq wouldnt cost much and would lead to a big stock market rally, which would be good for investor and consumer confidence. (18) While a war would obviously put pressure on the budget balance that in turn can have other implications for the economy as a whole. War is not necessarily bad for the economy. It is now well known that the rearmament of the major powers in the late 1930s and 1940s, before and during the Second World War, was associated with the end of the great depression of the 1930s. As one student of this period puts it: The Second World War brought the era of the Depression to a sudden and dramatic end, as the entire resources of the major countries were absorbed in the military struggle. With the outbreak of hostilities, full employment was fairly swiftly achieved everywhere. (19) Obviously there is nothing on the horizon that looks anything like the Second World War, but there is likely to be some fiscal stimulus nevertheless. The 200203 budget papers note that fiscal stimulus generally has the effect of supporting the aggregate level of economic activity. As the 200203 budget papers put it: Expansionary fiscal policy settings in 200001 and 200102 helped Australia maintain solid economic growth relative to other developed countries during a period of weakness in the international economy A large part of the stimulus in 200102 was unavoidable given the impact of high priority defence and domestic security expenditure. This outcome is appropriate given Australias recent economic circumstances and international developments. (20) To the extent that there are under-utilised resources in Australia, government spending can lead to an increase economic activity and employment. However, the fiscal stimulus must be put in the context of the damaging effects of the uncertainty facing the world economy. The uncertainty surrounding the war is undoubtably having a negative effect on investment and consumption decisions all around the world. Given that the fiscal stimulus is rather small even in the US, it might be expected that the uncertainty will more than offset any stimulus. However, a short quick war would remove uncertainty allowing the fiscal stimulus to dominate. In this context there are some forecasts that suggest the outcome could be positive for the UK economy, for example. Oxford Economic Forecasting made such a forecast showing modest GDP increases of around 0. 2 per cent in the UK as a result of the stimulus from military spending. (21) Newsletter Economic Scenarios has attempted to model the economic effects of a hypothetical Iraqi war on the Australian economy. (22) The outcome of the Economic Scenarios modelling is that, over the period 200310, Australia would experience a loss in GDP equivalent to US$18 billion in the short war scenario (war is over in 2003 and rebuilding takes two years) or US$69 billion in the long war scenario (conflict and occupation of five years and five years of rebuilding). Using exchange rates at close of business 26 February 2003 puts the loss in GDP at $30 billion (short) to $114 billion (long). These results suggest a very significant adverse impact on Australia. However, those results reflect the nature of the economic model and some possibly extreme assumptions, including that: * Australian government defence outlays increase by one per cent of GDP in 2003 and either 1 or 0. 5 per cent for the next few years depending on the scenario * oil prices jump immediately to US$80 per barrel and then either slowly return to near normal or return quickly depending on the scenario, and * uncertainty has an effect equivalent to investors demanding 5 per cent in greater returns on their investments causing investment outlays to fall. That premium on investments fades away either slowly or quickly depending on the scenario. The first assumption is just a guess based on Congressional Budget Office estimates that the US will spend something of that order and that small countries involved will likely spend similar amounts as a share of GDP. One percent of Australias GDP is around $7 billion. Access Economics puts the likely costs of war at around $700 million for a three month engagementa tenth of the Economic Scenarios assumption. Access Economics also estimates that over $200 million has already been spent in pre-deployment. (23) Even then, reallocating resources within the Defence Department could absorb a good deal of the $700 million. The Economic Scenarios study received headlines because it purported to show a massive cost to the Australian economy as a result of war in Iraq. However, those models are only as good as the assumptions on which they rest, and if the assumptions are extreme then results will be unrealistic.

Origins And History Of The Dulcimer :: essays research papers

Origins and History of The Dulcimer The dulcimer is a member of the string family. It is further categorized into the Psaltrey family, a group of instruments that are comprised of strings stretched across a frame and played by plucking or drumming. The only difference, in fact, between the dulcimer and the psaltrey is the fact that one is plucked and the other is drummed. The dulcimer family is divided into two sections. The dulcimers with keys and dulcimers without keys. A dulcimer with keys would be played by depressing a key which would move a mechanism that would cause a hammer to strike the string. The most improved instrument in the keyed dulcimer section is the piano. Dulcimers that are played without the aid of a key are usually in the unusual shape of a trapezoid. Early descriptions of this instrument, dating back to the Middle Ages, describe the instrument as a rectangular box with strings stretched over two bridges. Both the single and the double bridged dulcimers are common in traditional Irish music. It is played by striking the strings with padded wooden hammer. It is commonly believed that the dulcimer came to Europe from the East sometime in the fifteenth century. This cannot be true. The dulcimer is closely related to the yang ch'in from China. However, the yang ch'in was introduced to the Chinese around 1800. A similar traditional dulcimer found its way to Korea in about 1725. The dulcimer originated as the santir in what is now Iraq from a Greek instrument, the psalterion. The santir was a trapeziodal box covered with strings. It was played by striking the strings with light sticks. From there the Arabs carried the santir through North Africa where it was integrated into the Jewish culture. From North Africa it was taken to Spain, for a carving was discovered in the cathedral Santiago de Compostela, dated 1184. It is unknown why the Irish make mention of the timpan, a generic term for any member of the psaltrey family, being used by St. Patrick in the 6th century, six hundred years earlier than the dulcimers first introduction into Spain from North Africa. Dulcimers gained popularity from the churches and cathedrals throughout the 14th century. But in the 16th century, as the violin and wind instruments became increasingly fashionable, the dulcimer virtually disappeared. For the next two hundred years it went unnoticed. In 1705 Pantaleon Hebenstreit presented the French King Louis XIV with a slightly revised dulcimer.

Child Labor and Sweatshops

Child Labor and Sweatshops â€Å"We must ensure that while eliminating child labor in the export industry, we are also eliminating their labor from the informal sector, which is more invisible to public scrutiny- and thus leaves the children more open to abuse and exploitation. † (â€Å"Carol Bellamy†). The topic of child labor is a global phenomenon that has millions of people heartbroken, held captive, and pleased with the work it has fulfilled. It has been around for countless years and is still occurring today. Usually, no awareness is brought to child labor. Some people just see it as a way of living.Although there are many laws against child labor, all that is physically done are three or four sentence articles in the newspaper about how it’s banned. Owners of sweatshops and billion dollar companies do not see the suffering they are putting infant workers through. Child labor negatively impacts individuals, society, and the economy due to the large producti vity and cheap labor. Although child labor does not have a select year when it began, some might say it began at the dawn of men. Children have been worked since the beginning of time and may never end in some countries due to rulers, money issues, and beliefs.In the early 1800's, machines were starting to replace hand labor for making most manufactured items. Everywhere from Asia to North America, factories began to increase. Children began operating the power-driven machines. Mostly because children were easier and cheaper to hire than adults. Growing into the mid-1800's, child labor became a major social issue. Children have always worked. But factories needed them more than before. Working in a factory is no walk in the park, especially for a child. A child with a factory job could easily work 12 to 18 hours a day. They could work seven days a week just to earn a dollar (â€Å"Herumin 38†).Children as early as seven years old would be forced to tend machines in spinning m ills or carry heavy loads all day. The working children had no time to play or receive and education (â€Å"Herumin 41†). Under all the harsh conditions in the factories, children often became ill. Illnesses that occurred during these time periods because of child labor included: HIV/AIDS, starvation, small pox, anemia, the flu, a cold that escalated, and thousands of other reasons. Hence, significant populations of children were dying. Most of the children who were involved in child labor came from poor families.By 1810, about 200,000,000 school age children were working 50-70 hours a week. Sometimes, parents could not afford to keep up will all the expenses children came with, so, they turned them over to a factory owner or different family. These families had no mercy; they could have 11 year old boys working for 60 hours for dollars a day. Under these circumstances, children were ordered under strict rules and had to obey all the orders given to them. Finally, people saw the cruelty that was occurring. Petitions began, companies shut down, and people started adopting the children that were going through that pain. The English writer Charles Dickens helped publicize the evils of child labor with his novel Oliver Twist. Britain was first to pass laws regulating child labor† (â€Å"History of Child Labor†). Therefore, Britain recognized the cruelty. Overtime a series of laws shortened working hours, improved the conditions, and raised the age children could work (â€Å"History of Child Labor†). People started to get a sense of mind and child labor began to dim down in Europe. In the United States it took many years to outlaw child labor. By 1899, a total of 28 states started ruling against child labor. American children worked in large numbers in mines, glass factories, textiles, agriculture, canneries, home industries, and as newsboys, messengers, bootblacks, and peddlers† (â€Å"Child Labor in U. S History†). Organiza tions such as the National Consumers League and the National Child Labor Committee worked to end child labor. They started to provide free education options around the country. â€Å"The New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics and other workingmen resolve that ‘Children should not be allowed to labor in the factories from morning till night, without any time for healthy recreation and mental culture,’ for it ‘endangers their . . well-being and health’ (â€Å"Child Labor in U. S History). Most people know about child labor, although no one will ever know the pain and suffering better than the victims of child labor. The interviews child laborers talk in can crush hearts. Children in our very own country go through that every day. â€Å"A nine year old girl toils under the hot sun making bricks from morning until night, seven days a week. Trafficked with her family from Bihar†¦ India. She lives in terrible conditions† (â€Å"Sweatshops an d Child Labor†). These heartbreak and heinous acts happen to children every day.Nevertheless, today these children are more likely than not brought to awareness. Nike has been accused of child labor and this has been an ongoing deal for many years. One accusation about Nike is their soccer balls, which are made in Pakistan by child laborers. While Pakistan has laws against child labor and slavery, the Pakistani government has done nothing about this (â€Å"Child labor and sweatshops 17†). Another accusation about Nike is, â€Å"Nike founder Philip H. Knight pays child workers in Indonesia about $2. 20 a day while his own stock in Nike is worth 4. 5 billion dollars† (â€Å"Child Labor and Sweatshops 17†).Under these circumstances, Nike has been questioned by the public and judged. Walt Disney's company has also been accused of supporting child labor overseas. Their workers are in vile conditions, diminishing their basic rights, and exploiting their innocenc e. As one of the most least responsive companies, Disney takes the lead. â€Å"Disney, which makes children clothes. The billion dollar companies depend on workers in Haiti who make 28 cents an hour† (â€Å"Child Labor and Sweatshops 18†). While providing cheap labor, the children are defenseless against the torture they endure.Disney workers in Haiti stitch Aladdin t-shirts. In Vietnam, girls work for 17 cents, seven days a week making toys. In china, young boys and girls make Disney story books. Meanwhile, the CEO of Disney, Michael Eisner, makes $102,000 per hour. Since this is true Walt Disney’s company has been looked at in a different sort of light by millions. Many organizations today take a stand against child labor. â€Å"The International Initiative on Exploitative Child Labor (IIECL), also commonly known as the International Initiative to End Child Labor, is a US-based, not-for-profit [US IRS approved 501 (c) (3)] organization, founded n 1998 and inc orporated in 1999, that conducts and/or provides education, training, technical assistance, capacity building, research, social accountability auditing, resources, program planning and design, and monitoring and evaluation services to public and private sector, non-governmental organizations, and international research and development institutions that seek to eliminate the worst forms of child labor in the United States and around the world† (â€Å"About IIECL†). Their initiative is to eliminate the vilest forms of child labor all around the world and they are working on that today.An impact to stop child labor would be â€Å"Rugmark†. Society is recommending â€Å"Rugmark† which is a company that makes hand woven carpets. Rugmark guarantees the use of child labor free rugs. Its fight against child labor has already created a worldwide point; we can have a carpet company, or any company, and not slave at children all day to create these magnificent carpet s. Another current organization working to abolish child labor is the International Labor Organization (ILO). The ILO estimates that about 215 million children around the world toil in child labor today.Of these, more than half work in hazardous conditions. (â€Å"Shining a Light†¦ †). More than 60 percent of this child labor is forced. People across the globe understand that forcing child labor is against human rights. Most agree children should not be in positions where their stability is at risk. To stop this, the ILO goes to countries and helps the children in need. â€Å"Reporting is only one of the vital tools we use to protect workers worldwide. Since 1995, the Department of Labor has funded more than 250 projects in over 90 countries, which have benefited almost 1. million children worldwide. These efforts remove children from exploitative labor and provide them with education and other services† (â€Å"Shining a Light†¦ †) Today, every state i n America and the federal government has laws against child labor. These laws have cured millions of hopeless children lives. We are one of the many few countries who have this law and take action for it. Nearly sixty percent of Ethiopian children are put to work, earning about a dollar a month. In Pakistan, children continue to be used as slaves. Most of the labor offences occur in the nation's Punjab province, which is a global supplier of stitched rugs, musical instruments and sports equipment† (â€Å"Child Labor is Making†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) Thus, this proves many countries today do not recognize child labor as severely as they do in the United States. Lastly, the worst country in the world where child labor is one hundred percent present is Myanmar (Burma). Forty percent of the country’s children never enroll in school. The Burmese army recruits start at age twelve.Children who don’t join the army are forced into child labor. All these heinous acts are what orga nizations like the ILO are trying to abolish, but the countries government, is letting this happen. Since this is true and it has been going about for hundreds of years, the chances are slim to none that the government in Myanmar will change. Child labor until recently has not been recognized as a global issue. Developing countries continued, as they had for centuries, not giving a care who or how imported goods were made.The practice of child labor left children neglected, abused, and starved. The children’s bosses would not care if they did not eat for hours for days. When children as young as five years old are abducted and thrown into this slavery, they usually do not escape the poverty among them. This is why socially, the ILO and other organizations realized this truth and are working to help children every day. Economically, companies such as Rugmark guarantee a hand woven rug that is one hundred percent not made from children.The victims themselves can only be brought out of the darkness of child labor and share their stories so one day this nation will be child labor free. Works Cited Child Labor Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. . Child Labor in US History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. . Child Labor Is Making a Disturbing Resurgence around the World. Luke McKenna, 6 Jan. 2012. Web. 17 Jan. 2013.

What Does Cest-à-dire Mean in French

Cest-à  -dire  is a common expression in French and you can use it when you want to say I mean or that is. Its a way to clarify what youre trying to explain and you will find it very useful in conversations. The Meaning of  Cest-à  -dire Cest-à  -dire is pronounced  say ta deer. It literally translates to mean that is to say and uses the French verb dire  (to say). However, we most often translate it to that is or I mean. You can even use it to vocalize the written example of i.e. The expression  is used to explain or expand upon something that was just said. You might also use it to ask for clarification. In informal writing,  cest-à  -dire  may be abbreviated to  c-à  -d,  cà  d, or even  cad. The phrase is within the normal register, meaning that it is part of everyday language. In French, its acceptable to say it in both formal and informal settings. Examples of  Cest-à  -dire  in Context There are many situations in which you might use the phrase. Essentially, any time you need to clarify, you can rely on  cest-à  -dire. Il faut à ©crire ton nom là  , cest-à  -dire, ici. -  You need to write your name there, I mean, here.Un traducteur, cest-à  -dire quelquun qui rà ©crit les documents dans une autre langue... -  A translator, that is, someone who rewrites documents in another language...Je dois travailler ce soir, cest-à  -dire que je ne peux pas aller au cinà © avec toi. -  I have to work tonight, which means I cant go to the movies with you. As another example, you might use the phrase in a conversation such as this: Il faut que tu commences à   y mettre du tien ici.  - You need to start pulling your weight around here.Cest-à  -dire ?  - Meaning? / What does that mean?Cest-à  -dire que tu vas nous aider à   faire le mà ©nage.  - It means youre going to help us out with the housework.

Essay on Wwii Impact on Women - 982 Words

Research Paper WWII Impact on Women The Impact WW2 had on Women During WW2 the presence of men at home was to a bare minimum. The impact this had on women was felt throughout the nation. How women would be looked at would be changed forever. They had to uphold various positions that were usually held by men and reevaluate their roles as homemakers. Their lives at home had changed; they were no longer the primary care giver. They also joined different parts of the military. Due to men being away at war during WW2 women were forced to participate in the workforce, which would change their view of their position in society. With life hard on women already holding the home together while their husbands were in the war, they were†¦show more content†¦In 1942 the Women’s Army Corps was introduced. These women worked in more than 200 non- combatant jobs stateside and also every part of the war. They served not only as common nurses but also â€Å"within the ranks of the United States Army.† There was also the Women’s Army Corps introduced in 1942. This group of 1,100 women was asked to join and fly military aircraft, due to the shortage of pilots. Their job was to fly from factories to military bases and also different take off points around the country. Even though during their enlistment the WASP were supposed to become part of the military, after a couple years the program was cancelled. The last group the, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service, was already established. After being absent for twenty-three years, they had to be reactivated because of WW2. While a lar ge portion of these women did the job of secretarial and clerical they had other jobs they did. Thousands of WAVES performed duties in aviation, medical professions, communication, intelligence, science and technology. These military jobs and the other non-traditional jobs the women participated in made them almost like a ghost in their home front. All of these women that were manipulated and pressured into doing these jobs put a big hardship on their presence at home. Even though women are considered the mangers of the home they alsoShow MoreRelatedThe War On The Home Front1112 Words   |  5 Pagesamount of time, America went a serious of events which had great influence on the home front. Those two events were WWII and the Cold War. Civil rights, the cultural norms, and society at large, had changed greatly during a short amount of time due to these events. The United States was fight a war on two fronts, both at home and overseas. The wars overseas had great influence and impact on the successes that would come over time on the home front. Without these wars and times of trials and tribulationsRead MoreHistory Course Outline787 Words   |  4 PagesInquiry questions †¢ How did the Australian government respond to the threat of communism after WWII? †¢ Why did Australia become involved in the Vietnam War? †¢ How did various groups respond to AustraliaÂ’s involvement in the Vietnam War? †¢ What was the impact of the war on Australia and/or neighbouring countries? Learn About; 1) AustraliaÂ’s response to the threat of communism in Asia after WWII including: Ââ€" Korean War Ââ€" ANZUS Treaty Ââ€" SEATO Alliance 2) The response to the threat ofRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in World War II615 Words   |  3 Pagesa cameraman is essential to the making of a movie the roles women played in the war was essential to our allied victory. In the war women provided food, clothing, funds, medical work, safety, knowledge and a safe and secure country to return to at the end of the war effort. All the help provided by women gave helped prove gender equality can work in society and helped lead to womens rights in our county. One of the biggest roles of women in the second world war was working war factories. these wereRead MoreGender Equality And Equal Opportunity1664 Words   |  7 PagesWomen during WWII were confused about their roles in the war. There were two common attitudes women in the 1940’s had towards the war. On one hand women felt inspired to rise to the challenge and fill the void left by men. On the other hand, some women felt, â€Å"cheated,† and unable to carry on due to the absence of men. Even though most women agree that gender equality and equal opportunity is positive, women who lived through WWII would most likely argue that it is not always worth the sacrifice.Read MoreEssay about G.I. Jane: Women in the Marine Corp1673 Words   |  7 Pagesand patriotism during WWII. Meanwhile, women were encouraged to be nurses, mothers, and some were paraded around as tokens of â€Å"equality† like Rosie the Riveter and â€Å"Marinettes.† Now, the second World War has been pointed to as a turning point in womens rights. However, few Americans recognized the achievements of women and most even discouraged them. Because the many contributions of women during WWII went unnoticed, even today, Americans need to learn the sacrifices many women made while still beingRead MorePost World War II: Effects and Changes in America1524 Words   |  6 Pageschanges to the world and specifically America. It not only changed the world map but also set impact on the behaviours. WWII played a major role in building turning points during different periods. Before WWII, African Americans were not offered equal rights in the community. It was considered an impossible thing that African could ever do a white collar or even a blue collar job. However, soon after the WWII, there came a turning point in the lives of African American with the Civil Rights Act in 1964Read MoreWorld War Ii Brought Monumental Movements, Struggles, And998 Words   |  4 Pagesconstructive effects of the war, such as vast numbers of women joining the workforce, overshadowed pitiful mistakes like Japanese internment camps. For every negative result of the war effort, for example increased rations on everyday necessities, there was an optimistic outlook on life, often provided by radios. The United States transformed in many ways, but emerged stronger than ever at the war’s end. Within a few years, the role of women morphed from a simple housewife to a hardworking war industryRead MoreThe World War II Propaganda811 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II Propaganda During World War II propaganda posters where used to influence many peoples value, beliefs and behavior. The use of propaganda had a huge impact on the allied and axis power during this time. Both enemy’s used posters to get support from there government and families back home. Creating these posters encouraged people to save their materials so that most of the weapons could be used during the war. Propaganda it was a smart way to get people to degrade the enemy. FurthermoreRead MoreA Time For Change . William G. Pollard, A Physicists, Had1509 Words   |  7 Pagesgender change provided by the outbreak of WWII. The 1940’s were a difficult time in our nation’s history. The country was still firmly embedded in the economic grips of the Great Depression. â€Å"Some 13 to 15 million Americans were unemployed† during the late 1930’s (History). Due to the large percentage of unemployment, women were discouraged from working. Working women would take jobs away from men. Unfortunately, due to the economic conditions, many women had to work in miserable conditions orRead MoreHeroic Traits Of Jacqueline Cochran795 Words   |  4 PagesGods and Goddesses, hero’s today are known to show strength, wisdom, bravery, and many other heroic characters. Jacqueline Cochran showed her heroic attributes when she came into WWII looking for a way for women to make a difference and fight in the war. Jaqueline founded WASP, Women Airforce Service Pilots, she made an impact in so many women’s lives by making them more included in the war instead of staying at home waiti ng for updates. Jacqueline shows the heroic traits that goddesses such as Athena

The International Financial Crisis in 1929 Essay - 830 Words

The International Financial Crisis in 1929 Throughout the 1920s in Britain there were economic problems. Unemployment was increasing; therefore there was low domestic demand and large amounts of poverty. Markets were also being lost abroad, leading to a decrease in trade. However in 1929-31 these problems reached crisis point, when in 1929 The Wall Street Crash called for an end of American Loans to Britain, and the re-call of all Britains debt. This had impact worldwide, as prices for goods slumped due to lack of demand and business confidence disappeared. In Britain it became clear that the Laissez-faire policy was not going to work, but there was a divide in thoughts over which policy to adopt†¦show more content†¦He was, however convinced by King George V to remain as Prime Minister but as leader of a national coalition government. In order to prove that Labour was a national, responsible party, Macdonald was prepared to do this, as was Philip Snowden, Chancellor of the Exchequor. Snowden believed that the budget should remain balanced and Britain should remain on the gold standard. He therefore supported the May Committees proposal despite Labours working class stance. However Arthur Henderson the foreign secretary did not agree. Henderson was heavily influenced by the Trade Unions, and felt strongly that Labour should represent the working class, therefore he felt that if the budget had to be balanced by cutting unemployment pay and raising taxes it was better for Labour to leave office and leave such policies to the Conservatives or Liberals. This difference in opinion within the party led to its break up and the formation of a national government due largely to the proposals if the May Committee. (c) Ramsey MacDonald had no alternative but to form a National Government in 1931. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your answer. (15) After the First World War, Britain was thrust into a depression. Unemployment rocketed and wages fell dramatically. The mostShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Great Depression, Annotated Bibliography879 Words   |  4 PagesStephen G. Understanding the Great Depression: Lessons for Current Policy . Monetary Economics (1997): 1-26. This article is about the circumstances that led to the collapse of the economy in 1929. It relates to my research proposal because I am evaluating historic events that led to the financial crisis of 1929. The article discusses how deflation played an important role in expanding the depression, and how the Gold Standard, a monetary system in which a country’s government allows its currency unitRead MoreThe Great Depression and Unemployment: Discussion Questions1271 Words   |  5 Pagesand social life. The most affected regions due to this economic slump were North America, Europe, and other industrialized Western countries. Among various other reasons, economists, researchers, and historians cite the Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929) as the biggest cause of the Great Depression. It was the day on which the stock market crashed. A massive number of individuals, business corporations, and banking companies had invested huge amounts in stocks. In order to survive from heavy loss Read MoreThe Crisis Of The 1929 Stock Market Crash1378 Words   |  6 Pagessubprime mortgage crisis, emphasized by the banking and financial crisis of 2008. The global economic crisis called the Great Recession followed in 2008. It has been famously regarded as preventable by the memory of the Great Depression in the late twenties. The stock market crash of â€Å"Black Thursday† on the 24th of October 1929 marked the end of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, temporary period of prosperity and endless hope in the United States. But this hope did not last long as the violent crisis suddenly questionedRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreEvaluating The Merits And Demerits Of Fixed And Floating Exchange Rate Regimes1062 Words   |  5 Pagessuited for one system. But there are a number of factors that influence this, and there is therefore no universal correct system for all international economies. I will discuss the merits and demerits of a floating exchange rate, providing the examples of the US Government response to the 2008 financial crisis and the excessive speculation that led to the 1929 stock market crash. These examples will illustrate a time when the US economy benefitted due to a floating exchange rate and a time whenRead MoreThe Great Depression Was A Dark Period859 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as the stock market crash of 1929, the maldistribution of purchasing power (overproduction), and also America’s position in international trade. These all greatly impacted America’s future and resulted in the great depression being inevitable. Both domestic and international factors led to the Great Depression, and one of the domestic factors involves the 1929 crash in the stock market. This event has come to be known as â€Å"The Great Crash.† It was in autumn of 1929 that the market actually beganRead MoreTaking a Look at the 1920s1642 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Gold Standard in June of 1919 and England, which returned to the Gold Standard in April of 1925. While the U.S. took the post –war position as the world s largest creditor and entered a period of unprecedented prosperity, England faced major financial difficulties, with a decision to maintain an overvalued exchange rate, for political reasons rather than economical reasons. The 1920s was a period of prosperity for the United States. The productivity of their industries grew rapidly with theRead MoreThe World s Economy Was Devastated1732 Words   |  7 Pages Assignment 4 GEOG200 Bradley Bache 3129292 Submitted September 10, 2015 In 1929, the western world’s economy was devastated. With the crash of the United States Wall Street, the realm drove into what is now known as the â€Å"Great Recession†. Its neighbour to the north, Canada also felt these affects as unemployment and poverty grew. After a decade of despair, the massive rise in government spending for the Second World War and the reductions in taxes, the economies returned to prosperRead MoreHistory Of American Economy : The Great Depression Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesgrown to be the world’s leading economic superpower, particularly in the in the early 20th century. It was the world’s best source of financial capital. The great depression changed everything; America’s economy was deteriorated as the great depression took a toll on its economy as from 1929 to 1939. In fact, Walton and Rockoff confirm that within the first four years, 1929 to 1933, the United States’ economy had simply disintegrated (422 ). Historians and scholars have been predominantly concerned withRead MoreThoughts Of The Asian Crisis1211 Words   |  5 PagesThoughts of the Asian Crisis (1997-1998) In the period between 1997 to 1998, a great economic storm blew the some fast-developing countries, especially Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. They had great economic development before the crisis, but left almost everything at the end of the storm. The most obvious impact of the crisis is the capital outflows and currency devaluation. So, people in those developing countries began to find who should be responding to the crisis. International speculators were

Relationship Between Motivation And Performance Management Essay Example For Students

Relationship Between Motivation And Performance Management Essay Outline1 1. Introduction2 2. Research aims3 2.3 Research Hypothesis4 2.4 Research inquiries5 3. Literature Reappraisal6 3.1 Introduction to motive7 3.2 Motivation Defined8 3.3 Motivation Theories9 3.4 The Role of Motivation10 3.5 Performance Management11 3.5.1 Performance direction defined12 3.5.2 Theoretical model13 3.6 Employees motive in UK Health public service14 4. Research Methodology15 4.1 Methodological Approach16 1. Qualitative attack17 4.2 Population and sample18 4.3 Research Tools19 4.4 Data Collection20 5. Contemplations21 5.1 Appraisal of resources22 5.2 Ethical deductions 1. Introduction The National Health Service ( NHS ) in United Kingdom is a singular establishment of a public service. It represents an experiment in societal technology, an effort to supply free health care to the population of the UK across a comprehensive scope of service. ( Greener I, 2008 ) Because of being public service, there are a batch of jobs arise from the clients ( patients ) towards services which the clients got from NHS. Effective work force is a important factor as it is organisation primary participants which drive the organisation achieve the ends and bringing services. Human resources, hence, plays the cardinal function in the wellness sectors in bettering the work force public presentation and handiness to services and quality of attention. Motivation is a cardinal obstruction to wellness sector development in term of staff public presentation. It is a challenge for Human Resource. In order to accomplish wellness services marks, a Motivated and capable work force is a key which help the wellness sectors increase the productiveness and quality of wellness services. Motivation is defined as an person s grade of willingness to exercise and keep an attempt towards organisational ends ( Franco LM. et al. , 2002, 1255-56 ) In footings of theory, there are many different theories in motive. ( Franco LM. et al. , 2002, 1255-56 ) By and large, people ever get confused between two countries of motive which are motive to be in a occupation and motive to execute, but both countries are really of import for directors. They need to understand that all activities in the workplace can be impacted by both countries of motive. Herzberg s two-factor theory of motive at the workplace is the theory which is used for this issue. It describes the distinction between these two countries of motive. In order to understand these differenced, the theory distinguishes satisfiers which are the chief causes towards whether high or low public presentation in the workplace. From dissat isfies, if these are absented or perceived as inadequate, these will be the chief causes for occupation dissatisfaction and de-motivate the workers to stay in a occupation. Empowerment, acknowledgment, honoring, duty and the work itself are illustrations of actuating factors. Dissatisfies are all about working conditions, salary, relationship with co-workers, administrative supervising, etc. . Therefore, organisation demand to concentrate on public presentation management- utilizing a vary of human resources direction ( HRM ) tools such as: public presentation assessments, honoring, uninterrupted instruction, and calling development etcaˆÂ ¦ [ Martinez J. 2001 ) because public presentation direction is an attack which can act upon satisfies. However, in the public wellness sectors, public presentation direction such as resource-poor scenes is frequently developing because these sectors normally concentrating merely on supervising or other certain facet of public presentation d irection. ( Martinez J, Martineau T. 2001 ; Fort AL, Voltero L.2004 ; Trap B, et al. , 2001 ) 2. Research aims This aim of this research is to depict the of import factors which lead to motive and demotivation of the wellness service s nurses of Abingdon Mental Health Centre in Oxford and besides investigate factors taking to motive. Furthermore, it will show relationship between motives with the public presentation direction activities in footings of why the activities can actuate employees and what are those activities. Apparently, a study for this research to be conducted to wellness service s nurses of Abingdon Mental Health Centre in Oxford aimed to find their perceptual experience in footings of motive towards the public presentation direction activities. Furthermore, an interview will be besides conducted to cognize what are the motives and demotivations of the workers sing to public presentation direction activities. Finally this research comes up with relevant findings and provides understanding recommendations on public presentation direction activities in relation to the motive of the nurses in order to assist them to execute better. 2.3 Research Hypothesis Research hypothesis is a probationary account or posit by the research worker of what the research worker predicts for the results of an probe will be. ( McBurney D.H. and White T.L, 2009 ) It, fundamentally, states the research worker s outlook refering the relationship between independent and dependent variables in the survey. The research hypothesis of this survey is as follows. Hypothesis: There is important relationship between motive and public presentation direction. Hypothesis: The public presentation direction activities can extremely actuate or demotivate the nurses of Abingdon Mental Health Centre 2.4 Research inquiries By and large, the intent of this survey is to carry on the survey on the relationship between public presentation direction activities and the motive of wellness service s nurses. This survey tries to reply the undermentioned questions: 1. What extent the motivates and demotivates for wellness sector nurses? 2. How do the motivation factors relate to public presentation direction activities? 3. Literature Reappraisal 3.1 Introduction to motive In the yesteryear, when the human resource direction was non a large factor of an organisation, employee was considered as merely an input for the production of goods and services. However, when the clip has passed, the manner of believing about the employee was changed by researching, referred to the work of Elton Mayo from 1924 to 1932 which was the Hawthorne Studies ( Dickson, 1973 ) . These surveies found that there was non merely money which can actuate the employees and their attitudes are linked to their behaviour ( Dickson, 1973 ) . The Hawthorne Studies showed the attack of the human dealingss to direction, in which the motive and demands of employees are of import issues which become the primary focal point of direction squad ( Bedeian, 1993 ) . 3.2 Motivation Defined The construct of motive was defined by many modern-day writers. Motivation has been defined as a willingness to act in an appropriate mode in order to accomplish specific, unmet demands ( Buford, Bedeian, A ; Lindner, 1995 ) and what causes people to act as they do ( Denhardt et al. , 2008, p. 146 ) . 3.3 Motivation Theories Harmonizing to the Hawthorne Study consequences, understanding factors which motivated employees and how those employees were motivated was the interesting focal point of many research workers. ( Terprtra,1979 ) There are four major attacks that help us to understand the motive are Maslow s need-hierarchy theory, Herzberg s two- factor theory, Vroom s anticipation theory and Skinner s support theory.. The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty - Character Study Of Walter Mitty EssayThis research required an organized information assemblage in order to explicate the research theories or doctrines that will be include in the research. Therefore, the exploratory qualitative will be conducted among directors and nurses. There will be conducted an in-depth interviews with the nurses and their directors. Interview will be recorded, taped and instantly canned and these will be extremely considered with the confidentiality issue. The privateness, confidentiality of respondents will be protected throughout the procedures 4.2 Population and sample The research scene in this survey is Oxford, United Kingdom. In Oxford there is a broad assortment of wellness service. Abingdon Mental Health Centre is one of the wellness services which specialize in mental wellness and it is found in National Health Service system As this qualitative research is taking to verify the work force motive and demotivation, and it is besides taking to verify the relationship between the motive factors and public presentation direction activities, a sample of 30 respondents in sum has been indiscriminately selected. The respondents are divided into two mark groups which are 25 nurses and five directors. 4.3 Research Tools As the research worker will utilize qualitative informations, therefore inquiries will be provides for both group of respondents. Both groups will be asked two set of inquiries which one of them will be the same and one will be different sing to their positional position. In-depth interviews will be used as the method of informations aggregation for this survey. For this research undertaking the interviews will be conducted at respondents abode and at the respondents workplace which is Abingdon Mental Health Centre In every individual interview, there might be a prejudice or false information of self-report informations. Welman and Kruger ( 2001 ) recommend that the research worker should dress in more or less the same manner as respondents and interviewers should be careful non to state any inquiries which may be construed as a coveted response but should utilize unfastened ended inquiries alternatively. Therefore, the research worker will be bear in head about these recommendatio ns. 4.4 Data Collection In this survey all primary informations and secondary informations will be used. Primary beginning of informations will be collected through the in-depth interview, with audiotape entering if permission is granted. Furthermore, field-note will be taken besides. Since, some informations might be sensitive, the privateness, confidentiality of respondents will be protected throughout the procedures of qualitative informations aggregation. The location for the in-depth interview will be at the workplace of the respondents which is Abingdon Mental Health Centre or the respondents abode if it is needed. Secondary beginning of informations will come from published articles from wellness service diaries, authorities publications and besides related surveies on public presentation direction. These secondary informations will be utile secondary informations because it might assist researcher analyze and construe more easy. 5. Contemplations 5.1 Appraisal of resources This survey will be concentrated on Human Resource Management ( HRM ) . Motivation is an facet which is of import for the public presentation of work force. This survey is taking to verify the work force motive and demotivation, and it is besides taking to verify the relationship between the motive factors and public presentation direction activities. Therefore, people are a cardinal facet for this survey. To be successful in this survey, there are many resources which are needed. This survey requires the information from questioning 30 respondents which are divided into two groups which are work force ( 25 ) and administrative staff ( five ) . The item or information which will be gathered from the in-depth interview will be assist the research worker happen out the reply for the research inquiries above. However, there will be some mistakes if those respondents answer the inquiries with their prejudices or give some false information. Apart from respondents, an of import individual for this survey is the research worker. Researcher is a MBA pupil who has done the Human Resource Management faculty. The Human resource direction is the topic which includes many issues which the research worker interested in. Therefore, it will be easier for research worker to complete this survey successfully. Additionally, there are other accomplishments which the research worker thinks that they might be helpful for this survey. Communication accomplishments are really of import accomplishment for this survey because in-depth interview need efficient communicating between interviewer and interviewees. Due to the restriction of English ability of the research worker, the research worker demand to be careful for fixing the inquiries for the interview in order to avoid some mistakes which might be occur because of misinterpretation. Apart from communicating accomplishments, be aftering accomplishment and prioritizing accomplishment are besides needed to be focused. Harmonizing to clip bound, this survey has to be finished in every individual procedure on clip. Therefore, research demand to give precedence to these accomplishments besides. 5.2 Ethical deductions Basically, qualities feature of the qualitative research has seen as an ability of an interviewer to listen attentively and empathically, whist ego awareness necessitate to be concerned excessively. ( Smythe and Murray, 2000 ) There is a criterion of ethical rule which needed to be give precedence to such as free and informed consent, privateness and confidentiality ( Berg,1995 ) Smythe and Murray ( 2000 ) emphasize that there may be ethically conflicted in the qualitative research because this research besides involves some grade of personal engagement between research worker and respondents. This survey demand to be cognizant of factors which might take to ethical issue. Due to some reveal information which might be the extremely personal informations, the research demand to maintain this information as confidentially in order to protect any injury to respondents. Harmonizing to the thought of process consent which is designed to protect the rights of respondents to retreat their informations at any clip during the research, hence, consent for respondents will be obtained through the research procedure, future utilizations of information for publication and informations sharing demand to be discussed. Harmonizing to willingness of respondents to take part the interview, the inquiries for the in-depth interview demand to be certain that the respondents will non experience that they are bothered with the perennial inquiries.